Basic survey measurements horizontal distance measurement, vertical distance measurements. A majority of survey issues involve problems associated with elevation critical data targets, culverts, railroads, bridges, etc. A total station is modern, automated and much more complicated combination of theodolite integrated with an electronic distance meter edm, microprocessor with an internal data storage or external data collector. The results are expected to be used for many public works including routine survey, wide residential land development and subsidence measuring instruments. The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the conventional surveying instruments. Surveying with gps, total station and terresterial laser scaner. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. A total station is an electronicoptical instrument used in modern surveying. Measuring angles only, when distance is too great to measure. Many errors can be caught beforehand or eliminated if the survey crew stays aware and. These resources are continually being developed and updated. Total station is then used to conduct the traverse between the gps points. Refer to the instrument user manual for detailed instructions.
Leveling the total station leveling the total station must be accomplished to sufficient accuracy otherwise the instrument will not report results leveling the instrument takes 30 to 45 minutes make sure you can see all targets from the. Rts can provide impactful benefits with minimal fuss. Surveying errors and adjustment a short training course prepared by. Limits of survey total station total stations represent a different problem. Total stationdigital theodolite tripod prismtape pegs procedure. Final report a comparison of mobile scanning to a total. Online support resources are available for some products. Once the conditions are known, the effect of these errors can be minimized as follows. It is also a straightforward technology, with a clear path to implementation. Error sources in total station in surveying the constructor. Systematic errors systematic errors are caused by the surveying equipment, observation methods, and certain environmental factors.
Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. A theodolite is basically a telescope with both a vertical and horizontal axis. These result from imperfection in the construction or adjustment of surveying instruments, and movement of their individual parts. A total station can be used in a variety of ways during a survey. Note hi refers to the height of the centre of the total station above the survey point and that needs to be measured each time you set up the total station on a survey point. Total station in surveying operation, uses and advantages. Civil engineeringsurveying during chaining along a straight line, the. For a level, the compen sator automatically takes care of the final levelling up. Introduction at present, total station has been widely spread and used in many survey sites, and sometimes it is not fully used since users misunderstand the principles of this unit. Types of errors there are two types of errors, systematic and random. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate.
It is important for the surveyor to understand the difference between the two errors in order to minimize them. Transferring survey data after the survey data has been collected with a data collector, it is then transferred to a desktop computer or laptop. Robotic total stations rts are a rare exception to this dilemma. These are the kind of errors which occur accidentally and can of any nature positive or negative. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated. Survey should always be considered in the planning and design phases. Some errors, such as measurement errors, can potentially be prevented at the survey design stage. Measuring distances, including both vertical and horizontal azimuths, to record a 3d point in space. Blunders that cause large errors in the final survey are.
Elhallaq lecturer of surveying faculty of engineering the islamic university of gaza april, 2011. Inspecting the edm of the total station 23 instrument errors in the total station 24 simple surveying tasks 26 aligning from the midpoint 26 measuring slopes 27 measuring rightangles 28 applications programs 29 calculating areas 29 staking out 30 remote heights 31 tie distances 32 freestation surveys 33 the applications programs available 34. How to stake out points and profile boards with a total. A total station is modern, automated and much more complicated. Sources of errors in surveying measurement civil snapshot. Using a total stationtheodolite, run a closed traverse such that it includes the two hubs wooden stakes of your designated area previously established and the two horizontal control points. Construction survey and precision analysis using rtk technology and a total station at axis stakeout on a construction site conference paper pdf available june 2016 with 262 reads how we. These arise from limitations of the human senses of sight, touch and hearing. Total station is to be checked for its calibration, prism constants for the prisms to be set in the instrument to avoid errors. A classical example is the change in length of a tape as the. Following are different types of errors in a total station. Again, the manual for each instrument provides detailed.
These are the errors which are byond the human control and can not be calculated to their true value, but only we can apply the theory of the probability to calculate them. All blunders must be found and eliminated prior to submitting a survey for inclusion in the project mapping. Theodolite and total station are land surveying instruments used to get information about the plot under consideration for construction buildings, bridges, roads, highways, dams, etc. Transferring survey data 72 revised january, 2016 7. Transposing numbers or misplacing the decimal point. Leveling, angle and direction measurement, combined distance and angular measurement systems total station survey 4. Civil engineering surveying important mcq pdf all exam. Surveying with gps, total station and terresterial laser. Trimble is committed to providing customer support and product training services that complement our worldclass products. The edm electronic distance measurement part of a total station measures distances using light. Follow techniques that will help detect and eliminatealltheblunders.
Survey field procedures manual prepared by the division of plats and surveys. This is the main purpose in establishing limits of survey. Set up the total station on point a, target point b, and set out the points a1, a2, and a3 in this alignment in accordance with the planned length of the side of the building. Accuracy analysis and calibration of total station. This site was also selected because the iowa dot recently collected the survey data at this interchange using a total station and traditional survey methods. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. The total station is an electronic theodolite transit integrated with. At each inclination angle of telescope, total station was aimed to the target and the inclined slope distance from the instrument to the white target was measured 20 times.
It is common practice to assess the quality of traverses by comparing angularlinear misclosures and. Elhallaq lecturer of surveying the islamic university of gaza introduction. Errors are traditionally been classified into three types. Like every optical and electromechanical instrument total station does have some source of error that need to be. The need to include the survey discipline from the outset of the project has risen as key to the successful delivery of a quality project. Bahuguna, dheeraj kumar, sunil kumar associate professor, sr. Although some systematic errors are difficult to detect, the surveyor must recognize the conditions that cause such errors.
Total station setup and operation university of south. When using total stations to measure precise elevations, the adjustment of the electronic tilt sensor and the reticule of the telescope becomes very important. Resources include product manuals, software downloads, and detailed troubleshooting information. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors wsdot. Generally, it enables to know the composition of the earth. Blunders that cause large errors in the final survey are usually detected by normal survey checks, however small blunders may remain undetected.
May 2005 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. School of architecture, building and design bachelor of quantity surveying honours qsb18 site surveying field work report ii traverse survey august semester 2015 submission date. Analysis of survey point displacements using total station. This type of traverse ensures that the survey is started from a known pair of points and is closed on known pair of points. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. Pdf construction survey and precision analysis using rtk. Performance and accuracy comparisons of gps and total station in land surveying conference paper pdf available january 2006 with 5,402 reads how we measure reads. Systematic errors are constant under constant measuring conditions and change as conditions change. Turning angles with theodolite or total station in direct and reverse modes. Biemer, phd, is distinguished fellow at rti international and associate director of survey research and development at the odum institute, university of north carolina, usa. Survey errors and delays can have significant safety, schedule and cost impacts. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. Because only a surveyor who has full understanding of surveying techniques will be able to determine the most efficient methods required to obtain optimal results over a.
Lecturer, senior technical assistant department of mining engineering, indian school of mines, dhanbad 826004 abstract although surveying techniques have always played a primary role in. Mining total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying. In addition, they also have features for measurement to points that cannot be directly observed offset measurement and basic coordinate geometry cogo. Bird 2009 analysis of survey point displacements using total station measurements iii abstract a practical software suite is designed which rigorously processes survey observations angles and distances to enable us to detect and visualize significant structural deformations. Instrument errors 22 inspecting the line of sight 22 inspecting the edm of the total station 23 instrument errors in the total station 24 simple surveying tasks 26 aligning from the midpoint 26 measuring slopes 27 measuring rightangles 28 applications programs 29 calculating areas 29 staking out 30 remote heights 31 tie distances 32 free. At one time, total stations were classified as either directional or. It is also used by archaeologists to record excavations as well as by police, crime scene investigators, private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes. Temperature changes, vibrations, and long transport periods can all affect your instruments accuracy. Measurements and errors iii6 revised may, 20 incorrectly entering a control point number in the data collector. The test was repeated at three different distances from total station to the target 8. Stephanie eckman, phd, is fellow at rti international, usa. Given the prevalence of these errors and the threats they impose on survey quality, survey researchers have spent a ton of time and effort to study them and try to correct them. Therefore, you must compensate for these changing conditions when you set up your total station.
Procedures the directional method will be used exclusively for the control survey. Further experiment was performed on how to calibrate the total station instrument and the performance of. Total station and its applications in surveying gis. Precision survey monitoring with a reflectorless total station cj hope and sw dawe 96 fmgm 2015, sydney, australia 3. Pdf performance and accuracy comparisons of gps and. Distance of the follower from the starting point is a 4 chains b 6 chains c 120 m d 180m ans. Chapter 15 construction survey procedures 1501 general in performing construction surveying, preparation is a major part of the operation. Refer to section viii, survey standards, in this manual for specific error tolerances for each feature code. The mean angle is then equal to the sum of the total angle divided by the number of observations. The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument. For total stations, instrumental errors are measured and corrected using electronic. Systematic errors systematic errors, or biases errors, result from the physical properties of the measuring system. Total station is a surveying equipment combination of electromagnetic distance measuring instrument and electronic theodolite. Eliminate or correct all systematic errors by frequent calibration and adjustment of the instruments minimize the random errors by using good instrumentsandfieldprocedures.
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